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Republic of China

 

I. The Primitive Society, Pre-Qin, Qin and Han Dynasties

 

      Pottery is produced in large quantity during the later period of the Primitive Society, and various color patterns were painted on the pottery, thus formed the primitive painting that was dominated with colored drawings. The Dancing Pattern Pottery Basin unearthed in Qinghai, in which a dancing scene was painted on the inner wall, with 15 people dancing trippingly in vivid postures, was a precious primitive figure painting, and a masterpiece of the period. Colorful Pottery Basin with dancing scenes (3100 B.C. - 2700 B.C.)

    

       Bronzes art dominated art creation of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou Periods, its moldings and decorative patterns were apotheosis in the history of painting.    

Silk Painting with Human Figure, Dragon and Phoenix Patterns,  about 300 B.C.

 

      During the Warring States Period appeared painting that was drawn on silk - painting on silk. <Dragon and Phoenix Human Figure Painting on Silk> and <Driving Dragon Painting> were unearthed from Chu Tomb in Changsha, Hunan, of which the lines were smooth and forceful, and the style was solemn and elegant. 

 

      One may find the style of the Qin painting from the Qin architecture relics. Such as the hunting pattern, portrait pattern, dragon pattern, and phoenix pattern that were drawn on the Qin Bricks, the designs were lively and vigorous. Murals remained in the site of Qin Capital Xianyang First Palace, were colorful and blazing, bright and resplendent, standardized while diversified, with a robust style, possessed very high artistic attainments.

      Paintings from the Han Dynasty that are extant now were mainly in forms of coffin chamber mural, portrait brick, board and wooden clip paintings, as well as lacquer painting. Among them portrait brick, with a wide range of subject matters, a variety of forms of expression, a style of pursuing likeness in spirit, simple but powerful, extensive and vigorous, was almost the symbol of the Han Dynasty art. The shaping skill, painting technique, and style of composition of coffin chamber mural all had broken through the simplex feature since the later Period of Spring and Autumn, laid a foundation for the maturity of Chinese painting. While the refinement and magnificence of lacquer painting had made it an art form merits attention. "T" Shape Banner from the Tomb of Daihou's Wife, about 170 B.C.

 

原始社会 先秦 秦汉

绘画最早的形态是史前时期以狩猎为对象的岩画,距今约3、4万年。岩画的内容与巫术礼仪和图腾活动有密切关系,反映了当时人类活动的场景。国内著名的史前岩画发现地有内蒙古阴山,新疆阿尔泰、天山,宁夏贺兰山,云南沧源,广西左江流域,西藏,福建仙字潭,江苏将军崖,台湾万山等。新石器时代(大约从1万年前开始,结束时间从距今5000多年至2000多年不等),人类开始依靠农业和畜牧业定居生活。手工工具的发展和定居生活的需要使人们开始大量制作陶器,先民们把陶坯打磨光滑,再用赭石和氧化锰等矿物质绘上图案,然后用火烧制成坚硬的陶器。烧制成型的彩陶呈现出赭红、黑、白诸种颜色图案,显得简单而和谐。陕西西安半坡遗址出土的人面鱼纹彩陶盆、青海大通县出土的舞蹈纹陶盆、河南临汝县阎村出土的鹳鱼石斧彩陶盆等是这一时期的代表作。

史书记载中国第一个奴隶制王朝是约在公元前二十一世纪初开始的夏朝,关于这个朝代至今并无确凿的考古证据,但随之而来的商朝和周朝却给我们留下了文明的瑰宝——青铜器。青铜器从采矿到冶炼到合金到铸造,无不需要投入大量的人力物力,它的出现,说明商代已经拥有充分的资源并且能自如地调动这些资源。商代制造的青铜器美轮美奂,它的纹饰经过前人的总结与概括,形成了模式化并具有典范意义的装饰纹样,如饕餮纹、雷纹、鸟纹、龙纹和鳞纹等。

春秋时期周王的势力减弱,群雄纷争,战国时期诸候混战,弱肉强食。尽管世事混乱,从古代典籍记载的故事里,我们仍然可以窥见这个时期的绘画状况。《孔子家语》中提到在祭祀与统治者会见诸侯的明堂中绘有古代圣贤与暴君之像,警醒后世统治者从他们的成败中汲取教训。屈原因见楚先王庙及公卿祠堂壁画中画有“天地山川神灵,琦玮?诡及古圣贤怪物行事”有所感悟,而书写了《天问》。刘向在《说苑》中记载:齐国造九重台,画工敬君怀念妻子,在壁上画妻子像,对之喜笑忘忧,可是齐王看到了美丽的画像,竟夺取了敬君的妻子,当时绘画的感染力由此可见一斑。出土于湖南长沙楚墓的《龙凤人物帛画》和《人物驭龙帛画》向我们直接呈现了战国时期的绘画面貌。这两幅帛画是我国至今发现最早的独立绘画门类作品,描绘了墓葬死者的仪容和引导死者灵魂的龙凤,整个画面以线条勾成,画风简朴流畅。国画从诞生伊始就具备了以线条为主的画法特点。

公元前221年,秦始皇嬴政统一中国,成为中国历史上第一个多民族的统一的中央集权制封建帝国。嬴政很喜欢六国华丽的宫殿,所以,每当灭掉一个国家,他都要让人将宫殿的图画下来,然后在咸阳照样仿造。统一中国后,他大兴土木,不顾民怨沸腾,运用劳工七十余万修建阿房宫和骊山陵墓。在这些为了宣扬秦始皇统一大业及其拥有的无上权威而建造的规模宏大的建筑群内部,绘制有许多壁画。随着建筑物的陆续消亡,这些壁画几乎丧失殆尽。本世纪70年代发现的秦都咸阳第一宫殿遗址中有壁画遗迹,是仅存的先秦宫殿壁画作品,其风格雄健,艺术造诣相当高。从秦代的建筑遗物和兵马俑中也能推想出秦代绘画深沉雄伟的气魄风格。

汉代皇帝十分重视用美术来宣扬汉王朝的威信。汉武帝刘彻在大将军霍去病墓前竖立起大型纪念碑雕刻,在未央宫麒麟阁图绘建国以来的功臣。汉灵帝刘宏为鸿都文学乐松、江览等三十二人图像立赞,以劝学者。诸侯王也大肆建造宫室,在壁上图画天地、山海、神灵,鲁恭王建造的灵光殿就描画了千变万化的“品类群生,杂物奇怪,山海神灵”。连地方官吏也不例外。留存至今的汉代绘画主要有墓室壁画、画像石、画像砖、帛画、木板画、漆画等许多品种,它们的题材内容广泛,表现形式多样,艺术手法大胆,展现出封建社会和平进步时期乐观开朗、宽容大度的一面。其中,画像砖风格雄健拙朴,想象力无拘无束,是汉代艺术的代表形式。而墓室壁画的造型和构图比前朝更丰富复杂,充分体现出汉代“事死如事生”的厚葬风俗,其中以内蒙古和林格尔汉墓壁画为代表。

汉代以前,“成教化,助人伦”一直是绘画的主要伦理特征,就像诗经中的雅颂一样,绘画需要承担对人们的鉴戒和教育功能。

       

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